Raspberries
Estimated Inventory, 12 ct : 128.64
This item was last sold on : 11/19/24
Description/Taste
Raspberries are small, aggregate fruits that generally average 1 to 3 centimeters in diameter and have a round, oval, to oblong shape. Despite the fruits resembling berries, Raspberries are developed from tiny round drupelets that fuse together to create a solid but bumpy, textured, and bubbled appearance. Each clustered section, or drupelet, contains fine hairs, seeds, and juice, growing over a spongy core that remains with the plant once the fruit is picked. The fruit’s flesh is also typically soft, tender, juicy, and mildly crunchy as the drupelets encase 100 to 120 seeds in totality. There are many types of Raspberries appearing in hues of red, black, gold, and purple. When harvested, the fruits detach from the central core creating the signature hollow cavity. Raspberries have a bright and tangy, sweet-tart flavor, with earthy, jammy, and mouth-puckering nuances.
Seasons/Availability
Raspberries are available year-round, with peak season in the summer.
Current Facts
Raspberries, botanically classified as Rubus idaeus, are bramble fruits that grow on a perennial shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family. There are over 200 species of Raspberries found worldwide, varying in flavor, color, and texture, with the most popular commercial cultivars primarily being red. Raspberries have been cultivated since ancient times, and many of the Raspberries found in consumer markets in the modern-day are the result of years of natural and intentional crossbreeding to produce varieties with improved characteristics. The name Raspberry is hypothesized by experts to have been derived from the 16th-century word “raspis,” stemming from “raspise,” meaning “a sweet, blush-colored wine.” Over time, “raspis” became the most commonly used name for the fruit and in the 17th century, “raspis” was eventually shortened and altered into Raspberry to match other new fruit names, including blackberry and strawberry. Raspberries are widely favored worldwide for their bright flavoring and are frequently grown in both commercial and home gardens for culinary and medicinal use.
Nutritional Value
Raspberries are an excellent source of vitamin C to strengthen the immune system, reduce inflammation, and protect the cells against free radical damage. The fruits are also a good source of fiber to regulate the digestive tract, folic acid to develop red blood cells, potassium to balance fluid levels within the body, and contain other amounts of magnesium, calcium, vitamins A and C, copper, iron, and manganese.
Applications
Raspberries have a sweet-tart, tangy flavor well suited for savory and sweet culinary preparations. The fruits can be consumed straight, out of hand, or tossed into salads, mixed into fruit bowls, or stirred into yogurt, cereal, and oatmeal. Fresh, whole Raspberries can also be used as an edible garnish over tarts, cakes, and pies. In savory preparations, Raspberries can be cooked into sauces, glazes, vinaigrettes, and other dressings. Barbecue sauces, marinades, and homemade ketchup all benefit from a touch of Raspberry. The fruit’s complex taste also complements sweet applications, including simmering into jams, jellies, syrups, and preserves or used as a flavoring for sorbet, ice cream, and fillings for baked goods. In addition to culinary preparations, Raspberries can be incorporated into sparkling beverages, muddled into cocktails, blended into smoothies, or dried and steeped into herbal teas. Raspberries pair well with cheeses such as blue, sharp cheddar, and goat, almonds, white chocolate, dark chocolate, fruits including coconut, peaches, and blueberries, ginger, sesame, cinnamon, and herbs such as lavender, basil, thyme, and oregano. Unwashed Raspberries will keep 1 to 3 days when stored in a clamshell with good air circulation in the refrigerator. It is important to note that Raspberries will not continue to ripen after harvest, and ripe berries must be picked for a pleasant flavor. The fruits can also be frozen whole, pureed, or dried for extended use.
Ethnic/Cultural Info
In Greek folklore, Raspberries obtained their signature red hue from the nymph, Ida. Legend states that Raspberries were initially white. Ida was one of the nymphs tasked with keeping Zeus hidden from his father, Kronos, to save his life. The nymph lived with Zeus in a cave and was essentially his caretaker and nurse, nurturing the growing infant. One day when Ida was picking Raspberries for Zeus, she accidentally caught her skin on a thorn, leading her blood to be dropped onto the Raspberry bush, turning it red. Many attribute the fruit’s botanical name Rubus idaeus to be loosely connected to this story. The word Rubus roughly translates to mean “red,” and idaeus translates to mean “belonging to Ida,” a reference to the nymph or Mount Ida on Crete.
Geography/History
Raspberries are native to several temperate regions worldwide and are an ancient crop, growing wild for thousands of years. Within the Rubus genus, there are Raspberries native to Europe and Asia, while another red subspecies is native to North America. Experts theorize that the Raspberries found in North America may have been carried across the Bering Strait in the Early Ages from Asia. Raspberries were cultivated by the Ancient Romans and Greeks, especially loved by the residents of Troy, and were mentioned in the writings of Palladius, a Roman agriculturist in the 4th century. During this time, the leaves of the plant were also used in natural medicines and teas. Raspberries were introduced to civilizations across Europe through the Romans. In the 14th century, King Edward I encouraged Raspberry cultivation in England, and in the 18th century, Raspberries were brought to the New World, where they were widely planted in home gardens. Many different Raspberry hybrids were created in the 19th century, and the majority of these cultivars are the varieties sold in commercial cultivation in the modern day. Today Raspberries are cultivated worldwide through farms and home gardens and are commonly grown in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and regions of South America. In the United States, the fruits are produced in California, Washington, and Oregon, sold through supermarkets, distributors, and farmer’s markets.
Featured Restaurants
Restaurants currently purchasing this product as an ingredient for their menu.
The Privateer Coal Fire Pizza | Oceanside CA | 760-310-1535 |
Milton's Delicatessen, Grill & Bakery | Del Mar CA | 858-792-2225 |
Green Dragon Tavern & Museum | Carlsbad CA | 760-797-5579 |
Elvira | San Diego CA | 619-560-3800 |
Green Acres Campus | San Diego CA | 858-450-9907 |
Mesa College | San Diego CA | 619-388-2240 |
Culinary Concepts | San Diego CA | 619-865-1918 |
Lafayette Hotel - Beginners Diner | San Diego CA | 619-296-2101 |
Coast Catering | Escondido CA | 619-295-3173 |
Berry Good Food Foundation | La Jolla CA | 619-666-1633 |
The Flavor Chef (Catering) | Vista CA | 619-295-3172 |
The Flower Pot Cafe and Bakery | La Jolla CA | 858-454-5453 |
Craft and Commerce Bar | San Diego CA | 619-269-0288 |
Raised By Wolves | San Diego CA | 916-207-1076 |
Cutwater Spirits | San Diego CA | 619-672-3848 |
Warren Walker School Mission Valley | San Diego CA | 619-223-3663 |
Brigantine La Mesa | La Mesa CA | 619-465-1935 |
Village Vino | San Diego CA | 619-546-8466 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (20/20) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Marriott Courtyard Nolen | San Diego CA | 619-544-1004 |
The Lion Share Bar | San Diego CA | 619-564-6924 |
Smoking Gun (Pastry) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Hotel Indigo | San Diego CA | 619-295-3172 |
Villa Capri Poway | Poway CA | 858-391-9400 |
UCSD Food & Nutrition Department Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-380-9840 |
Miguel's Old Town | San Diego CA | 619-298-9840 |
Bleu Boheme | San Diego CA | 619-255-4167 |
Ketch Grill and Taps | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
MRKT Space - La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-500-7484 |
Coco Maya by Miss Bs | San Diego CA | 858-245-3780 |
Communion (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
The Corner Drafthouse | San Diego CA | 619-255-2631 |
Seneca Bar | San Diego CA | 619-588-2411 |
Bayhill Tavern | San Diego CA | 858-288-6923 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (LJ) | La Jolla CA | 858-459-8800 |
Hash House A Go Go | San Diego CA | 951-764-0605 |
Sushi Nekosan | La Jolla CA | 858-999-0999 |
Fox Point Farms (Bakery) | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Royal Polaris Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-226-8030 |
Communion (Paradis) | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
Vi At La Jolla Village | San Diego CA | 858-646-7700 |
Isola Pizza Bar | San Diego CA | 619-564-2938 |
Sheraton La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-453-5500 |
Tartine | Coronado CA | 619-435-4323 |
Bishop School | San Diego CA | 858-459-4021 |
Hilton Garden Inn - Homewood Suites San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-696-6300 |
Bistro du Marche by Tapenade | La Jolla CA | 858-551-7500 |
We Olive La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-551-8250 |
Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-1582 |
Lodge at Torrey Pines Grill | San Diego CA | 858-453-4420 |
Town & Country San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-291-7131 |
Polaris Supreme | San Diego CA | 619-390-7890 |
Ridgeview Health Center | San Diego CA | 858-293-3950 |
Poseidon on the Beach | Del Mar CA | 858-755-9345 |
Portside Pier (Ketch Tasting Deck) | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
Fairmont Grand Del Mar | San Diego CA | 858-314-1975 |
Hyatt Islandia | San Diego CA | 619-224-1234 |
Parkhouse Eatery | San Diego CA | 619 295 7275 |
Born & Raised | San Diego CA | 619-944-1631 |
El Sueno (TAKO) | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
JRDN Restaurant | San Diego CA | 858-270-5736 |
InterContinental Vistal Kitchen | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
Manhattan of La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0700 |
Peace Pies (Encinitas) | Encinitas CA | 619-618-6960 |
Paradisaea Restaurant | La Jolla CA | 732-915-6669 |
Azucar | San Diego CA | 619-523-2020 |
Ironside Pastry Inc. | San Diego CA | 312-852-6308 |
College Cuisine - Kappa Delta | San Diego CA | 510-512-2213 |
Oliver & Rose | San Diego CA | 619-300-3395 |
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. | San Diego CA | 508-289-2667 |
Fort Oak (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-795-6901 |
RoVino Rotisserie + Wine | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
Third Corner Ocean Beach | San Diego CA | 619-223-2700 |
The Compass | Carlsbad CA | 760-434-1900 |
Pitchers | San Diego CA | 858-472-1251 |
Little Frenchie | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
Fish Guts | San Diego CA | 619-888-0081 |
Slowly | San Diego CA | 858-352-6080 |
Junkyard Sports Bar and Grill | Oceanside CA | 760-407-8500 |
US Grant Hotel Main | San Diego CA | 619-232-3121 |
Toast Catering | San Diego CA | 619-795-9135 |
Lil Piggy's | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
Catamaran | San Diego CA | 858-488-1081 |
The Farm Golf Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-5585 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (DM) | Del Mar CA | 619-306-2999 |
Shogun Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-226-8030 |
Marisi La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 951-852-6730 |
Tom Hams Light House | San Diego CA | 619-291-9110 |
Venissimo Cheese Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-491-0708 |
Bridges at Rancho Santa Fe | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-6063 |
La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club | San Diego CA | 619-816-8319 |
The Tavern Bar | Coronado CA | 602-628-5890 |
Great Maple Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-255-2282 |
Grossmont-Cuyamaca Community College District | El Cajon CA | 619-644-7585 |
Marriott Courtyard - Broadway | San Diego CA | 619-446-3008 |
Chef Drew Mc Partlin | San Diego CA | 619-990-9201 |
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines | La Jolla CA | 858-450-4581 |
The Lion Share | San Diego CA | 619-564-6924 |
Hotel La Jolla - Sea & Sky | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0261 |
C 2 C | San Diego CA | 619-972-9345 |
Orfila Vineyards & Winery Escondido | Escondido CA | 760-738-6500 |
Salt & Whiskey | San Diego CA | 619-544-1886 |
Rancho Valencia | Del Mar CA | 858-756-1123 |
Brigantine Poway Bar | Poway CA | 858-486-3066 |
Miguel's Cocina Carlsbad | Carlsbad CA | 760-759-1843 |
Pendry SD (Pendry Banquets) | San Diego CA | 619-738-7000 |
Fox Point Farms | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Piatti | San Diego CA | 858-454-1589 |
Pacific Regent La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-597-8008 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Bistro Kitchen | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
Zanzibar at the Loft | La Jolla CA | 858-210-5476 |
Spill the Beans (Mission Valley) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Blue Whale | La Jolla CA | 808-868-8639 |
Rustic Root | San Diego CA | 619-232-1747 |
Continental Catering Inc | La Mesa CA | 907-738-9264 |
Jake's Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-755-2002 |
Peohes | Coronado CA | 619-437-4474 |
Red Tail Catering | San Marcos CA | 858-605-8219 |
Barbarella La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-454-7373 |
Viejas Casino Banquets | Alpine Ca | 619-295-3172 |
Venissimo Cheese Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-847-9616 |
Brockton Villa Restaurant | San Diego CA | 858-454-7393 |
Moxy San Diego Gaslamp | San Diego CA | 619-376-1850 |
Misadventure & Co. | Vista CA | 413-668-6895 |
Mille Fleurs | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-3085 |
Aztec Shop Catering | San Diego CA | 619 594-3576 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (7 Mile) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
The Glen at Scripps Ranch | San Diego CA | 858-444-8500 |
Edgewater Grill | San Diego CA | 619-232-7581 |
Rancho Bernardo Inn (Avant) | San Diego CA | 858-675-8505 |
Spill the Beans (Seaport) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Harney Sushi Oceanside | Oceanside CA | 760-967-1820 |
Giaola | Carlsbad CA | 858-266-9303 |
Nectarine Grove Bakehouse | Del Mar CA | 858-925-7357 |
Mikami | San Diego CA | 619-780-0974 |
Zel's Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-755-0076 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Little Frenchie (Bar) | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
Pacific Yacht Agents | Los Angeles CA | 808-214-0970 |
Four Seasons Residence Club | Carlsbad CA | 760-603-6360 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Bar) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Casero Taqueria | Carlsbad CA | 760-533-4997 |
Urban Kitchen Catering | San Diego CA | 619-276-8803 |
Olive Tree Marketplace | San Diego CA | 619-224-0443 |
Viejas Casino Buffett | Alpine CA | 760-845-9931 |
Marriott Gaslamp | San Diego CA | 619-696-0234 x6051 |
Communion | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
La Valle Coastal Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-5473 |
Palmys | San Diego CA | 858-886-7111 |
San Diego Yacht Club | San Diego CA | 619-758-6334 |
Harbor Breakfast | San Diego CA | 619-888-6586 |
Born & Raised (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-550-5412 |
El Sueno | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Banquet | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
Dolce Pane & Vino | Del Mar CA | 858-832-1518 |
Coronado Yacht Club | Coronado CA | 619-435-1848 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Main Dining | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (Banquets) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Addison Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-350-7600 |
Eddie V's Prime Seafood - EV# 8514 | San Diego CA | 619-615-0281 |
Pendry SD (5th & Rose) | San Diego CA | 619-738-7000 |
Campfire Bar | Carlsbad CA | 858-231-0862 |
Shoreside Support Boat | San Diego CA | 704-277-7929 |
InterContinental San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
Armonia LLC | San Diego CA | 619-724-7210 |
Hilton Garden Inn | San Diego CA | 858-720-9500 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Banquet) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Extraordinary Desserts | San Diego CA | 619-294-2132 |
Top of the Market | San Diego CA | 619-234-4867 |
The Guild Hotel | San Diego CA | 619-764-5108 |
Park & Rec | San Diego CA | 619-717-3925 |
The Whaling Bar (Bar) | La Jolla CA | 858-355-9218 |
MCRD-Marine Corps Recruit Dept | San Diego CA | 619-725-6478 |
Le Parfait Paris - Downtown | San Diego CA | 619-245-4457 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (Distribution Center) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Searcher Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-861-4640 |
Kairoa Brewing Company | San Diego CA | 858-735-0051 |
Kettner Exchange | San Diego CA | 909-915-9877 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (Carls.) | Carlsbad CA | 619-306-2999 |
Humphrey's | San Diego CA | 619-224-3577 |
Third Corner Encinitas | Encinitas CA | 619-417-9251 |
Del Mar Country Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-5995 |
Hilton Harbor Island | San Diego CA | 619-291-6700 |
Peace Pies | San Diego CA | 619-618-6960 |
The Tavern | Coronado CA | 602-628-5890 |
Invigatorium | San Diego CA | 855-634-7664 |
Gilly's House of Cocktails | San Diego CA | 415-707-9219 |
Whiskey Girl | San Diego CA | 619-236-1616 |
Glenbrook Health Center | Carlsbad CA | 760-704-1000 |
The Kitchen at Torrey View | San Diego CA | 702-489-2129 |
Darshan Bakery (Del Mar) | Del Mar CA | 858-925-7223 |
Harney Sushi | San Diego CA | 619-295-3272 |
Seven Seas Roasting Co. | San Diego CA | 619-261-7275 |
Miguel's Cocina Pt Loma | San Diego CA | 619-224-2401 |
Craft House Fashion Valley | San Diego CA | 619-948-4458 |
Vertex - Merryfield Row | San Diego CA | 619-405-8950 |
Gold Finch | San Diego CA | 619-804-2051 |
Sandpiper Wood Fired Grill - Bar | La Jolla CA | 858-228-5655 |
PFC Fitness Camp | Carlsbad CA | 888-488-8936 |
Nolita Hall | San Diego CA | 619-618-8820 |
Harbor View Hotel Ventures, LLC | San Diego CA | 619-239-6800 |
Noble Experiment | San Diego CA | 619-446-0002 |
Stone Brewing-Liberty Station | San Diego CA | 619-269-2100 |
Frankie's | Oceanside CA | 442-266-2270 |
Portside Pier (TopSail) | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
Dot Café | San Diego CA | 914-263-1424 |
The WestBean Coffee Roasters | San Diego CA | 619-709-3232 |
Pamplemousse Grill | Solana Beach CA | 858-792-9090 |
Stake Chophouse & Bar | Coronado CA | 619-522-0077 |
Boujiemana (La Maison) | San Diego CA | 415-710-0510 |
Comedor Nishi | La Jolla CA | 619-549-9919 |
Ruth's Chris Steak House DT | San Diego CA | 619-233-1422 |
The Shores | La Jolla CA | 858-459-8271 |
University Club | San Diego CA | 619-234-5200 |
Barleymash | San Diego CA | |
Hazel & Jade Bakery | San Diego CA | 804-815-8052 |
Mister A's Pastry | San Diego CA | 619-239-1377 |
Solana Beach Kitchen | Solana Beach CA | 610-717-7217 |
Cal A Vie | Vista CA | 760-945-2055 |
Spirit of Adventure Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-454-9711 |
Moniker Coffee Company | San Diego CA | |
Louisiana Purchase | San Diego CA | 619-255-8278 |
Snake Oil Cocktail Company LLC | San Diego CA | 619-754-4041 |
InterContinental Banquet Kitchen | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
Madison | San Diego CA | 619-822-3465 |
Michele Coulon Dessertier | San Diego CA | 858-456-5098 |
Juniper & Ivy | San Diego CA | 858-481-3666 |
The Granger Hotel | San Diego CA | 619-559-7287 |
Belmont Park Draft | San Diego CA | 858-228-9283 |
Estancia Adobe | San Diego CA | 858-550-1000 |
264 Fresco (Kitchen) | Carlsbad CA | 760-720-3737 |
Chef Jenn | Solana Beach CA | 858-212-9054 |
La Costa Resort & Spa Pastry | Carlsbad CA | 760-431-8455 |
Encontro North Park | San Diego CA | 310-955-6333 |
Manna | Encinitas CA | 510-366-3057 |
Bali Hai Restaurant | San Diego CA | 619-222-1181 |
Black Raill Kitchen + Bar | Carlsbad CA | 619-454-9182 |
La Clochette Du Coin-Pacific Beach | San Diego CA | 619-402-7911 |
Pacifica Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-792-0505 |
Huntress | San Diego CA | 619-955-5750 |
Fox Point Farms (Haven) | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Smoking Gun (Spill the Beans) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Cliffhanger Cafe Menu | San Diego CA | 858-452-9858 |
Eddie V's La Jolla - EV# 8511 | La Jolla CA | 858-459-5500 |
Kitchens For Good | San Diego CA | 619-450-4040 |
Toast Cafe | San Diego CA | 858-208-9422 |
Rancho Bernardo Inn | San Diego CA | 877-517-9340 |
Tavern at the Beach | San Diego CA | 858-272-6066 |
California Center for the Arts | Escondido CA | 760-839-4107 |
Marriott Del Mar | San Diego CA | 858-369-6029 |
Donation 2 | San Diego | |
The Switchboard Restaurant 2024 | Oceanside CA | 760-279-6300 |
Waverly (Bar) | Cardiff CA | 619-244-0416 |
Reata Glen | Ladera Ranch CA | 949-545-2250 |
The Pearl Hotel (Brunch) | San Diego CA | 877-732-7573 |
Sycuan Casino | El Cajon CA | 619-445-6002 |
Beach Terrance Inn | Carlsbad CA | 760-729-5951 |
Belching Beaver Brewery Tavern and Grill | Vista CA | 760-509-4424 |
Brigantine Pt Loma | San Diego CA | 619-224-2871 |
Cody's La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0040 |
Waverly | Cardiff CA | 619-244-0416 |
Marriott Courtyard Old Town | San Diego CA | 619-260-8500 |
US Grant Hotel Grill | San Diego CA | 619-232-3121 |
Rustic Root (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-702-5595 |
Crown Point Catering | San Diego CA | 619-223-1211 |
Kona Kai Resort and Marina | San Diego CA | 619-221-8000 |
WineSellar & Brasserie | San Diego CA | 858-450-9557 |
Lumi | San Diego CA | 619-955-5750 |
Nadolife Production | San Diego CA | 619-239-1224 |
Alila Marea Beach Resort | Encinitas CA | 805-539-9719 |
Little Lion | San Diego CA | 619-519-4079 |
Solare Ristorante Lounge | San Diego CA | 619-270-9670 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Employee Dining) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Recipe Ideas
Recipes that include Raspberries. One is easiest, three is harder.