Raspberries
Estimated Inventory, 12 ct : 131.56
This item was last sold on : 11/19/24
Description/Taste
Raspberries are small, aggregate fruits that generally average 1 to 3 centimeters in diameter and have a round, oval, to oblong shape. Despite the fruits resembling berries, Raspberries are developed from tiny round drupelets that fuse together to create a solid but bumpy, textured, and bubbled appearance. Each clustered section, or drupelet, contains fine hairs, seeds, and juice, growing over a spongy core that remains with the plant once the fruit is picked. The fruit’s flesh is also typically soft, tender, juicy, and mildly crunchy as the drupelets encase 100 to 120 seeds in totality. There are many types of Raspberries appearing in hues of red, black, gold, and purple. When harvested, the fruits detach from the central core creating the signature hollow cavity. Raspberries have a bright and tangy, sweet-tart flavor, with earthy, jammy, and mouth-puckering nuances.
Seasons/Availability
Raspberries are available year-round, with peak season in the summer.
Current Facts
Raspberries, botanically classified as Rubus idaeus, are bramble fruits that grow on a perennial shrub belonging to the Rosaceae family. There are over 200 species of Raspberries found worldwide, varying in flavor, color, and texture, with the most popular commercial cultivars primarily being red. Raspberries have been cultivated since ancient times, and many of the Raspberries found in consumer markets in the modern-day are the result of years of natural and intentional crossbreeding to produce varieties with improved characteristics. The name Raspberry is hypothesized by experts to have been derived from the 16th-century word “raspis,” stemming from “raspise,” meaning “a sweet, blush-colored wine.” Over time, “raspis” became the most commonly used name for the fruit and in the 17th century, “raspis” was eventually shortened and altered into Raspberry to match other new fruit names, including blackberry and strawberry. Raspberries are widely favored worldwide for their bright flavoring and are frequently grown in both commercial and home gardens for culinary and medicinal use.
Nutritional Value
Raspberries are an excellent source of vitamin C to strengthen the immune system, reduce inflammation, and protect the cells against free radical damage. The fruits are also a good source of fiber to regulate the digestive tract, folic acid to develop red blood cells, potassium to balance fluid levels within the body, and contain other amounts of magnesium, calcium, vitamins A and C, copper, iron, and manganese.
Applications
Raspberries have a sweet-tart, tangy flavor well suited for savory and sweet culinary preparations. The fruits can be consumed straight, out of hand, or tossed into salads, mixed into fruit bowls, or stirred into yogurt, cereal, and oatmeal. Fresh, whole Raspberries can also be used as an edible garnish over tarts, cakes, and pies. In savory preparations, Raspberries can be cooked into sauces, glazes, vinaigrettes, and other dressings. Barbecue sauces, marinades, and homemade ketchup all benefit from a touch of Raspberry. The fruit’s complex taste also complements sweet applications, including simmering into jams, jellies, syrups, and preserves or used as a flavoring for sorbet, ice cream, and fillings for baked goods. In addition to culinary preparations, Raspberries can be incorporated into sparkling beverages, muddled into cocktails, blended into smoothies, or dried and steeped into herbal teas. Raspberries pair well with cheeses such as blue, sharp cheddar, and goat, almonds, white chocolate, dark chocolate, fruits including coconut, peaches, and blueberries, ginger, sesame, cinnamon, and herbs such as lavender, basil, thyme, and oregano. Unwashed Raspberries will keep 1 to 3 days when stored in a clamshell with good air circulation in the refrigerator. It is important to note that Raspberries will not continue to ripen after harvest, and ripe berries must be picked for a pleasant flavor. The fruits can also be frozen whole, pureed, or dried for extended use.
Ethnic/Cultural Info
In Greek folklore, Raspberries obtained their signature red hue from the nymph, Ida. Legend states that Raspberries were initially white. Ida was one of the nymphs tasked with keeping Zeus hidden from his father, Kronos, to save his life. The nymph lived with Zeus in a cave and was essentially his caretaker and nurse, nurturing the growing infant. One day when Ida was picking Raspberries for Zeus, she accidentally caught her skin on a thorn, leading her blood to be dropped onto the Raspberry bush, turning it red. Many attribute the fruit’s botanical name Rubus idaeus to be loosely connected to this story. The word Rubus roughly translates to mean “red,” and idaeus translates to mean “belonging to Ida,” a reference to the nymph or Mount Ida on Crete.
Geography/History
Raspberries are native to several temperate regions worldwide and are an ancient crop, growing wild for thousands of years. Within the Rubus genus, there are Raspberries native to Europe and Asia, while another red subspecies is native to North America. Experts theorize that the Raspberries found in North America may have been carried across the Bering Strait in the Early Ages from Asia. Raspberries were cultivated by the Ancient Romans and Greeks, especially loved by the residents of Troy, and were mentioned in the writings of Palladius, a Roman agriculturist in the 4th century. During this time, the leaves of the plant were also used in natural medicines and teas. Raspberries were introduced to civilizations across Europe through the Romans. In the 14th century, King Edward I encouraged Raspberry cultivation in England, and in the 18th century, Raspberries were brought to the New World, where they were widely planted in home gardens. Many different Raspberry hybrids were created in the 19th century, and the majority of these cultivars are the varieties sold in commercial cultivation in the modern day. Today Raspberries are cultivated worldwide through farms and home gardens and are commonly grown in Europe, Asia, North America, Australia, and regions of South America. In the United States, the fruits are produced in California, Washington, and Oregon, sold through supermarkets, distributors, and farmer’s markets.
Featured Restaurants
Restaurants currently purchasing this product as an ingredient for their menu.
Culinary Concepts | San Diego CA | 619-865-1918 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (DM) | Del Mar CA | 619-306-2999 |
The Lion Share Bar | San Diego CA | 619-564-6924 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Employee Dining) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Armonia LLC | San Diego CA | 619-724-7210 |
Manna | Encinitas CA | 510-366-3057 |
The Compass | Carlsbad CA | 760-434-1900 |
Hilton Garden Inn - Homewood Suites San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-696-6300 |
Ruth's Chris Steak House DT | San Diego CA | 619-233-1422 |
Snake Oil Cocktail Company LLC | San Diego CA | 619-754-4041 |
Red Tail Catering | San Marcos CA | 858-605-8219 |
Paradisaea Restaurant | La Jolla CA | 732-915-6669 |
Salt & Whiskey | San Diego CA | 619-544-1886 |
Whiskey Girl | San Diego CA | 619-236-1616 |
Fish Guts | San Diego CA | 619-888-0081 |
Kitchens For Good | San Diego CA | 619-450-4040 |
Milton's Delicatessen, Grill & Bakery | Del Mar CA | 858-792-2225 |
Miguel's Cocina Carlsbad | Carlsbad CA | 760-759-1843 |
The Flavor Chef (Catering) | Vista CA | 619-295-3172 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Main Dining | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
Hash House A Go Go | San Diego CA | 951-764-0605 |
Vi At La Jolla Village | San Diego CA | 858-646-7700 |
La Costa Resort & Spa Pastry | Carlsbad CA | 760-431-8455 |
Mesa College | San Diego CA | 619-388-2240 |
Four Seasons Residence Club | Carlsbad CA | 760-603-6360 |
The Tavern | Coronado CA | 602-628-5890 |
Rustic Root | San Diego CA | 619-232-1747 |
Bali Hai Restaurant | San Diego CA | 619-222-1181 |
Marriott Courtyard - Broadway | San Diego CA | 619-446-3008 |
Vertex - Merryfield Row | San Diego CA | 619-405-8950 |
Bishop School | San Diego CA | 858-459-4021 |
Brigantine Pt Loma | San Diego CA | 619-224-2871 |
Venissimo Cheese Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-491-0708 |
Donation 2 | San Diego | |
Addison Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-350-7600 |
Searcher Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-861-4640 |
Communion (Paradis) | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
Marriott Del Mar | San Diego CA | 858-369-6029 |
Smoking Gun (Pastry) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (Banquets) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Third Corner Encinitas | Encinitas CA | 619-417-9251 |
The Whaling Bar (Bar) | La Jolla CA | 858-355-9218 |
Harney Sushi | San Diego CA | 619-295-3272 |
Orfila Vineyards & Winery Escondido | Escondido CA | 760-738-6500 |
Kairoa Brewing Company | San Diego CA | 858-735-0051 |
Stone Brewing-Liberty Station | San Diego CA | 619-269-2100 |
Pendry SD (Pendry Banquets) | San Diego CA | 619-738-7000 |
Craft House Fashion Valley | San Diego CA | 619-948-4458 |
Peace Pies | San Diego CA | 619-618-6960 |
Marriott Gaslamp | San Diego CA | 619-696-0234 x6051 |
Bridges at Rancho Santa Fe | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-6063 |
Seneca Bar | San Diego CA | 619-588-2411 |
Moniker Coffee Company | San Diego CA | |
Palmys | San Diego CA | 858-886-7111 |
Solare Ristorante Lounge | San Diego CA | 619-270-9670 |
Bleu Boheme | San Diego CA | 619-255-4167 |
Sheraton La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-453-5500 |
Ironside Pastry Inc. | San Diego CA | 312-852-6308 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (LJ) | La Jolla CA | 858-459-8800 |
Great Maple Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-255-2282 |
Polaris Supreme | San Diego CA | 619-390-7890 |
The Lion Share | San Diego CA | 619-564-6924 |
MCRD-Marine Corps Recruit Dept | San Diego CA | 619-725-6478 |
Reata Glen | Ladera Ranch CA | 949-545-2250 |
Noble Experiment | San Diego CA | 619-446-0002 |
Tartine | Coronado CA | 619-435-4323 |
Fort Oak (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-795-6901 |
Park & Rec | San Diego CA | 619-717-3925 |
Royal Polaris Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-226-8030 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (7 Mile) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Lumi | San Diego CA | 619-955-5750 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Bistro Kitchen | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
C 2 C | San Diego CA | 619-972-9345 |
Cutwater Spirits | San Diego CA | 619-672-3848 |
Tom Hams Light House | San Diego CA | 619-291-9110 |
Communion | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
Eddie V's Prime Seafood - EV# 8514 | San Diego CA | 619-615-0281 |
Top of the Market | San Diego CA | 619-234-4867 |
Isola Pizza Bar | San Diego CA | 619-564-2938 |
El Sueno (TAKO) | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
California Center for the Arts | Escondido CA | 760-839-4107 |
The Santaluz Club Inc - Banquet | San Diego CA | 858-759-3150 |
Marriott Courtyard Old Town | San Diego CA | 619-260-8500 |
Continental Catering Inc | La Mesa CA | 907-738-9264 |
Juniper & Ivy | San Diego CA | 858-481-3666 |
Lafayette Hotel - Beginners Diner | San Diego CA | 619-296-2101 |
Pitchers | San Diego CA | 858-472-1251 |
Casero Taqueria | Carlsbad CA | 760-533-4997 |
Louisiana Purchase | San Diego CA | 619-255-8278 |
Miguel's Old Town | San Diego CA | 619-298-9840 |
Viejas Casino Banquets | Alpine Ca | 619-295-3172 |
Marisi La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 951-852-6730 |
Peace Pies (Encinitas) | Encinitas CA | 619-618-6960 |
Little Lion | San Diego CA | 619-519-4079 |
Shogun Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-226-8030 |
Craft and Commerce Bar | San Diego CA | 619-269-0288 |
The Kitchen at Torrey View | San Diego CA | 702-489-2129 |
Green Acres Campus | San Diego CA | 858-450-9907 |
UCSD Food & Nutrition Department Hillcrest | San Diego CA | 619-380-9840 |
The Guild Hotel | San Diego CA | 619-764-5108 |
Catamaran | San Diego CA | 858-488-1081 |
Smoking Gun (Spill the Beans) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Mikami | San Diego CA | 619-780-0974 |
Born & Raised (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-550-5412 |
Fairmont Grand Del Mar | San Diego CA | 858-314-1975 |
El Sueno | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
Azucar | San Diego CA | 619-523-2020 |
Zanzibar at the Loft | La Jolla CA | 858-210-5476 |
Pendry SD (5th & Rose) | San Diego CA | 619-738-7000 |
Richard Walkers Pancake House (Carls.) | Carlsbad CA | 619-306-2999 |
Stake Chophouse & Bar | Coronado CA | 619-522-0077 |
Glenbrook Health Center | Carlsbad CA | 760-704-1000 |
The Glen at Scripps Ranch | San Diego CA | 858-444-8500 |
Nectarine Grove Bakehouse | Del Mar CA | 858-925-7357 |
Harney Sushi Oceanside | Oceanside CA | 760-967-1820 |
InterContinental Banquet Kitchen | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
Estancia Adobe | San Diego CA | 858-550-1000 |
Hazel & Jade Bakery | San Diego CA | 804-815-8052 |
The Farm Golf Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-5585 |
Gold Finch | San Diego CA | 619-804-2051 |
Fox Point Farms (Haven) | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Harbor View Hotel Ventures, LLC | San Diego CA | 619-239-6800 |
Eddie V's La Jolla - EV# 8511 | La Jolla CA | 858-459-5500 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (20/20) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
US Grant Hotel Grill | San Diego CA | 619-232-3121 |
Extraordinary Desserts | San Diego CA | 619-294-2132 |
Lodge at Torrey Pines Grill | San Diego CA | 858-453-4420 |
Hilton Garden Inn | San Diego CA | 858-720-9500 |
Bistro du Marche by Tapenade | La Jolla CA | 858-551-7500 |
Nadolife Production | San Diego CA | 619-239-1224 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Banquet) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Belmont Park Draft | San Diego CA | 858-228-9283 |
University Club | San Diego CA | 619-234-5200 |
Pamplemousse Grill | Solana Beach CA | 858-792-9090 |
Invigatorium | San Diego CA | 855-634-7664 |
College Cuisine - Kappa Delta | San Diego CA | 510-512-2213 |
Coronado Yacht Club | Coronado CA | 619-435-1848 |
Cody's La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0040 |
Frankie's | Oceanside CA | 442-266-2270 |
Seven Seas Roasting Co. | San Diego CA | 619-261-7275 |
Crown Point Catering | San Diego CA | 619-223-1211 |
Sushi Nekosan | La Jolla CA | 858-999-0999 |
WineSellar & Brasserie | San Diego CA | 858-450-9557 |
Elvira | San Diego CA | 619-560-3800 |
Marriott Courtyard Nolen | San Diego CA | 619-544-1004 |
InterContinental San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
The Tavern Bar | Coronado CA | 602-628-5890 |
Solana Beach Kitchen | Solana Beach CA | 610-717-7217 |
Piatti | San Diego CA | 858-454-1589 |
Barleymash | San Diego CA | |
InterContinental Vistal Kitchen | San Diego CA | 619-501-9400 |
Warren Walker School Mission Valley | San Diego CA | 619-223-3663 |
Slowly | San Diego CA | 858-352-6080 |
Coast Catering | Escondido CA | 619-295-3173 |
Toast Cafe | San Diego CA | 858-208-9422 |
Darshan Bakery (Del Mar) | Del Mar CA | 858-925-7223 |
Cal A Vie | Vista CA | 760-945-2055 |
Sycuan Casino | El Cajon CA | 619-445-6002 |
The Corner Drafthouse | San Diego CA | 619-255-2631 |
Michele Coulon Dessertier | San Diego CA | 858-456-5098 |
Raised By Wolves | San Diego CA | 916-207-1076 |
Chef Drew Mc Partlin | San Diego CA | 619-990-9201 |
RoVino Rotisserie + Wine | San Diego CA | 619-972-6286 |
Tavern at the Beach | San Diego CA | 858-272-6066 |
Blue Whale | La Jolla CA | 808-868-8639 |
Little Frenchie (Bar) | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
Edgewater Grill | San Diego CA | 619-232-7581 |
La Valle Coastal Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-5473 |
Lil Piggy's | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
We Olive La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-551-8250 |
Encontro North Park | San Diego CA | 310-955-6333 |
Spill the Beans (Mission Valley) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
Venissimo Cheese Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-847-9616 |
Brigantine Poway Bar | Poway CA | 858-486-3066 |
Chef Jenn | Solana Beach CA | 858-212-9054 |
Waverly | Cardiff CA | 619-244-0416 |
Manhattan of La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0700 |
Mille Fleurs | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-3085 |
Green Dragon Tavern & Museum | Carlsbad CA | 760-797-5579 |
Jake's Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-755-2002 |
Huntress | San Diego CA | 619-955-5750 |
Del Mar Country Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-759-5995 |
Third Corner Ocean Beach | San Diego CA | 619-223-2700 |
Gilly's House of Cocktails | San Diego CA | 415-707-9219 |
Dot Café | San Diego CA | 914-263-1424 |
Aztec Shop Catering | San Diego CA | 619 594-3576 |
Moxy San Diego Gaslamp | San Diego CA | 619-376-1850 |
Brigantine La Mesa | La Mesa CA | 619-465-1935 |
Campfire Bar | Carlsbad CA | 858-231-0862 |
Hyatt Islandia | San Diego CA | 619-224-1234 |
Hotel La Jolla - Sea & Sky | La Jolla CA | 858-459-0261 |
Portside Pier (TopSail) | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
Giaola | Carlsbad CA | 858-266-9303 |
Rancho Valencia | Del Mar CA | 858-756-1123 |
Bayhill Tavern | San Diego CA | 858-288-6923 |
Pacifica Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-792-0505 |
Rancho Bernardo Inn | San Diego CA | 877-517-9340 |
Barbarella La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-454-7373 |
Boujiemana (La Maison) | San Diego CA | 415-710-0510 |
MRKT Space - La Jolla | La Jolla CA | 858-500-7484 |
Pacific Regent La Jolla | San Diego CA | 858-597-8008 |
The Privateer Coal Fire Pizza | Oceanside CA | 760-310-1535 |
PFC Fitness Camp | Carlsbad CA | 888-488-8936 |
Hilton La Jolla Torrey Pines | La Jolla CA | 858-450-4581 |
Urban Kitchen Catering | San Diego CA | 619-276-8803 |
Spill the Beans (Seaport) | San Diego CA | 619-276-6700 |
JRDN Restaurant | San Diego CA | 858-270-5736 |
Brockton Villa Restaurant | San Diego CA | 858-454-7393 |
Born & Raised | San Diego CA | 619-944-1631 |
Rustic Root (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-702-5595 |
Ketch Grill and Taps | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
Kettner Exchange | San Diego CA | 909-915-9877 |
Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-756-1582 |
Village Vino | San Diego CA | 619-546-8466 |
Madison | San Diego CA | 619-822-3465 |
San Diego Yacht Club | San Diego CA | 619-758-6334 |
Berry Good Food Foundation | La Jolla CA | 619-666-1633 |
Miguel's Cocina Pt Loma | San Diego CA | 619-224-2401 |
Harbor Breakfast | San Diego CA | 619-888-6586 |
Viejas Casino Buffett | Alpine CA | 760-845-9931 |
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst. | San Diego CA | 508-289-2667 |
Nolita Hall | San Diego CA | 619-618-8820 |
Dolce Pane & Vino | Del Mar CA | 858-832-1518 |
Mister A's Pastry | San Diego CA | 619-239-1377 |
The WestBean Coffee Roasters | San Diego CA | 619-709-3232 |
Junkyard Sports Bar and Grill | Oceanside CA | 760-407-8500 |
264 Fresco (Kitchen) | Carlsbad CA | 760-720-3737 |
The Flower Pot Cafe and Bakery | La Jolla CA | 858-454-5453 |
The Granger Hotel | San Diego CA | 619-559-7287 |
Le Parfait Paris - Downtown | San Diego CA | 619-245-4457 |
Beach Terrance Inn | Carlsbad CA | 760-729-5951 |
Poseidon on the Beach | Del Mar CA | 858-755-9345 |
Black Raill Kitchen + Bar | Carlsbad CA | 619-454-9182 |
Coco Maya by Miss Bs | San Diego CA | 858-245-3780 |
Rancho Bernardo Inn (Avant) | San Diego CA | 858-675-8505 |
Toast Catering | San Diego CA | 619-795-9135 |
Parkhouse Eatery | San Diego CA | 619 295 7275 |
The Shores | La Jolla CA | 858-459-8271 |
Town & Country San Diego | San Diego CA | 619-291-7131 |
Misadventure & Co. | Vista CA | 413-668-6895 |
Portside Pier (Ketch Tasting Deck) | San Diego CA | 858-268-1030 |
Waverly (Bar) | Cardiff CA | 619-244-0416 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe (Bar) | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Alila Marea Beach Resort | Encinitas CA | 805-539-9719 |
Hotel Indigo | San Diego CA | 619-295-3172 |
Grossmont-Cuyamaca Community College District | El Cajon CA | 619-644-7585 |
Villa Capri Poway | Poway CA | 858-391-9400 |
Peohes | Coronado CA | 619-437-4474 |
La Clochette Du Coin-Pacific Beach | San Diego CA | 619-402-7911 |
Kona Kai Resort and Marina | San Diego CA | 619-221-8000 |
Spirit of Adventure Sportfishing | San Diego CA | 619-454-9711 |
Hilton Harbor Island | San Diego CA | 619-291-6700 |
US Grant Hotel Main | San Diego CA | 619-232-3121 |
Comedor Nishi | La Jolla CA | 619-549-9919 |
Belching Beaver Brewery Tavern and Grill | Vista CA | 760-509-4424 |
Fox Point Farms (Bakery) | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Oliver & Rose | San Diego CA | 619-300-3395 |
Sheraton Carlsbad (Distribution Center) | Carlsbad CA | 760-827-2400 |
Cliffhanger Cafe Menu | San Diego CA | 858-452-9858 |
Inn at Rancho Santa Fe | Rancho Santa Fe CA | 858-381-8289 |
Humphrey's | San Diego CA | 619-224-3577 |
Sandpiper Wood Fired Grill - Bar | La Jolla CA | 858-228-5655 |
Ridgeview Health Center | San Diego CA | 858-293-3950 |
Little Frenchie | Coronado CA | 619-522-6890 |
The Pearl Hotel (Brunch) | San Diego CA | 877-732-7573 |
The Switchboard Restaurant 2024 | Oceanside CA | 760-279-6300 |
Communion (Bar) | San Diego CA | 619-606-5568 |
Zel's Del Mar | Del Mar CA | 858-755-0076 |
Pacific Yacht Agents | Los Angeles CA | 808-214-0970 |
La Jolla Beach & Tennis Club | San Diego CA | 619-816-8319 |
Shoreside Support Boat | San Diego CA | 704-277-7929 |
Olive Tree Marketplace | San Diego CA | 619-224-0443 |
Fox Point Farms | Encinitas CA | 619-892-0553 |
Recipe Ideas
Recipes that include Raspberries. One is easiest, three is harder.